Understanding Sense and Sensibility Through the Lens of Jane Austens Life - Literature Essay Samples

Although she only lived to forty-one years of age and published a mere six works, Jane Austen was one of the most profound authors of the nineteenth century. Her first published work, penned when she was but nineteen years old, was Sense and Sensibility: a dramatic rollercoaster of a story about two very different sisters and their journey through life and love. By looking at Jane Austen’s life, it is apparent that her personal life heavily influenced Sense and Sensibility in the context of the Dashwoods, other characters in the novel, varying situations they encounter, and the setting of her story, as well as being aided by her family. Society in her day helped Austen shape her own views on women as well as her own social commentary that she used in her novels. The main characters in Sense and Sensibility, the Dashwood women, are similar to many people in Jane Austen’s life, and many of the situations her characters face stem from experiences she had in her own life. For example, her great-grandmother was faced with a situation, not unlike Mrs. Dashwood’s: she was evicted from her home after her husband’s death by a close relative and was forced to take up teaching and other odd jobs in order to support her children and send them to school: â€Å"With a daughter and six sons to support, Elizabeth appealed to her father-in-law, who promised her  £200 before he died. It turned out that his estate was tied up in favour of his eldest little grandson. Denied even her  £200, Elizabeth paid off debts by selling valuables and a leasehold house, and then moved to Seven Oaks to take a roomy old home where she boarded and cleaned for the grammar school’s schoolmaster and some of his pupils† (Honan 12). This makes it easier to understand where Austen derived her ideas for her writing. Another instance of Austen using her surroundings in her novel is Elinor and Marianne’s close and loving relationship. Austen’s older sister Cassandra was her anchor and her most intimate friend, especially in the early years of her life (Honan 5). Through this, she was able to form a very realistic relationship between the two contrasting Dashwood sisters. On the trend of templates, Marianne’s â€Å"putrid fever† towards the end of the novel was experienced firsthand by Austen, as while she was visiting colleges she contracted the illness of the same sort, typhus, and therefore knew what it was like to have the sickness (Austen 252; Honan 31). Austen, her sister, and her niece Jane Cooper all nearly died, and when the girls returned home, Jane Cooper’s mother died from the disease (Honan 31). This was no doubt a traumatic event for all involved, leading Austen to use it in her work as a romantic tool. This gives readers a chance to interpret the no vel in a real way, as Austen intended. Compared to the literature of the time, Austen’s works were very real and in tune with how things really were in terms of society, love, and everything in between. The way Elinor and Marianne handle their love-related dilemmas are very different, but they both hail from their author’s own tragic love life. When Austen was twenty, she met Tom Lefroy, her best friend’s nephew. He was charming and Austen could not find any fault in him. All seemed to be well until one day he dropped everything and left her in the dust since she was not of the status he or his family required (Honen 111). This situation is mirrored very closely in Sense and Sensibility with Edward and Elinor’s relationship as well as the one between Marianne and Willoughby. Although the girls and their relationships are strikingly different, Austen’s anguish bleeds through both of the girls’ responses to betrayal and being hurt by the men they love (80). Austen knew of love and heartbreak, obvious through the vividness in her works, but it is argued that she never found closure and therefore sought to give all her stories happy endings (â€Å"Jan e Austen’s Life†). Jane Austen used other instances in her life to create other characters and situations throughout Sense and Sensibility. For example, her best friend, Anne Lefroy, had the emotional range of Marianne and the bluntness of Mrs. Jennings: â€Å"Mrs. Lefroy was not subtle: she was a dramatic, passionate woman who had a whirlwind effect on nearly everyone†¦ Her feelings outstripped or pressed at the limits of language†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Honan 80). To continue, her uneducated friend Martha was the perfect mold for the likes of the Miss Steeles, who, like Martha, were mostly uneducated but knew how to handle themselves in some form around those of a higher class (Honen 79). Austen writes of Anne Steele, a character whose background mimics Martha’s: â€Å" her features were pretty, and she has a sharp quick eye, and a smartness of air, which, though it did not give actual elegance or grace, gave distinction to her person. Their manners were particularly civil, and Elinor soon allow ed them credit for some kind of sense†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Austen 99). Austen used her innate sense of observation, developed at an early age, to assess and consequently portray people based on their actions and their character, rather than on their appearances (Honen 63). This is shown many times throughout the novel, even when describing the main characters. When describing Margaret, she briefly covers the shape of her body, skin color, smile, and eyes, but even throughout all of that, Austen does not as much describe Margaret as a physical object, but rather as a deep character, emphasizing her good qualities and letting her attributes describe and define her rather than her looks (39). Jane Austen’s young life was centered around her family and, according to Park Honan, that is where her personality grew and flourished (89). Her family, both immediate and extended, influenced her characters and stories (Warren). Her idol and closest friend, her sister Cassandra, was proficient in art, and Austen mimics this talent in Elinor’s character and gives her sister the recognition her ability deserved (Honan 37). Her mother was quick-witted and poetic, with a mild sense of humor that Jane ended up inheriting and ingraining in her works, from her early burlesque plays to Sense and Sensibility. On the subject of her siblings, her brother James confided in her at one point, claiming that he wished he could drop out of Oxford to be part of a clergy, however, Mr. Austen was adamant that all his children be educated (Honan 57). In Sense and Sensibility, Edward Ferrars mentions how he and his family can never agree on a profession, as he wished for a simple, tranquil life in the clergy over law or politics, which are his family’s choices for him, and how he now sits idle at Oxford: â€Å"We could never agree in our choice of a profession. I always preferred the church, as I still do. But that was not smart enough for my family† (Austen 85). In terms of her family as a whole, her family’s financial status as the â€Å"poor end of the gentry† gave Jane Austen the insight she needed to write the Dashwood women’s situation when they were kicked out of their home with little money to live off of, as she lived most of her life with her family having little to spare (Honen 92). Alternatively, Austen’s family moved to Bath when Jane was a little bit older, and because of this she was forced to move around quite a bit and stay in a multitude of different places (â€Å"Jane Austen’s Life†). This gave her the experience needed to write about many different areas, including London, where she visited f or a time. Jane Austen was a keen observer and, being shy, often kept to the sidelines at parties and balls (Honen 87). Based on her observations of the party-goers compared to how she saw her family at home, she formed opinions about the society in which she lived and subtly poked fun at the unfairness and double standards that existed within society’s views while also weaving in her own personal beliefs. For instance, the theme of money is nearly overwhelming in Sense and Sensibility. Society simply revolved around money, and if one wished to be anything in society, they had to have money or one was essentially worthless. In her novel, Willoughby leaves Marianne under the late premise that she did not have money and he was â€Å"forced† to marry a rich woman in order to make a name for himself (Austen 268). Willoughby’s wife, Miss Grey, is quite the catch in the novel according to the gossip, although she is miffed about being used for her money and she knows full well th at Willoughby does not love her; only her money (Austen 270). On the subject of Willoughby, his slightly promiscuous and deceiving nature stemmed from Jane’s strange intrigue with adultery and sexual infidelity, which is connected to society in that it collectively was always looking for something to gossip about, and adultery could taint or even ruin someone’s reputation (Honen 164). Austen also found the absurdity in respect to what the higher classes did in their free time: the women stitched, played instruments, or gossiped while the men hunted; these things were all they seemed to do. Jane Austen used this to her advantage in her books as a mockery and a plot catalyst (â€Å"Jane Austen’s Life†). The middle gentry did not have the freedom of extended job choice at this time, even men. This was made apparent by Edward’s commentary on his own nonexistent career (Austen 85). Austen showed how society created anguish in some with Elinor’s heartbreaking situation with Lucy Steele where she was forced to keep face and keep her heartbreak inside because of a promise she made because it was proper to do so (Austen 151). In a moral sense, Jane Austen was firmly grounded in what she believed. Her strong faith in God enabled her fun side to embellish the comical parts of her writing while giving all her pieces an undertone of unquestioning assurance (Honan 275). Instead of obsessing over her characters’ looks and dress, Austen would rather expand on how they were as a person (39). With that, she also showed how differing personality types were not bad, in fact, through Marianne and Elinor, she demonstrated how the girls worked together and their differences in thought and perception helped them love each other (Honen 277). This shows Austen’s own character and that how she thought and wrote was not influenced by what the world thought, which gives insight into the text and how to make sense of her work. First-wave feminism was just beginning to take root at the time of Jane Austen. When she was first able to read, at about ten years of age, she was introduced to the earliest feminist authors and she ate up the material (Honen 33). Marianne’s intense desire to always speak her mind shows how society dampened women’s self-expression and equality, like when the girls are visiting with Mrs. Ferrars and Marianne lashes out at Mrs. Ferrars when she regards Elinor’s paintings as unremarkable in comparison to Miss Morton’s (Austen 193-194). Marianne exclaims, â€Å"This is admiration of a very particular kind! What is Miss Morton to us? Who knows, or who cares, for her? it is Elinor of whom we think and speak† (Austen 193). This is one of Marianne’s most intense outbursts, and her full range of emotion shows in her words, however, the ones around her do not see this as a positive (Austen 194). On another note, Elinor throws Marianne for a loop when she mentions that she does not exactly have the desire to marry Edward, as her feelings for him, in the beginning, were simply friendly in nature in the beginning, and her sister finds this preposterous, which shows how unusual it was for women to be independent and show qualities aside from the mainstream (Austen 18). Austen took issue with how society saw the perfect woman: a cookie-cutter beauty that was proper, emotionless, and hardworking. Austen illustrates her characters as distinct individuals and celebrated their diversity. In Austen’s time, a woman’s worth was partially set on the perfection of her manners, since that is what society decided to judge a woman on rather than her personality or special talent, like Lady Middleton, who is void of any personality and only cares for her children (Austen 99). Austen did not like this way of evaluation, so she creates Marianne’s character to be one of wild emotions and often does not care what others think, which is a feminist viewpoint on what women should be able to do: speak their minds without fear of retaliation or open judgment. For instance, Elinor is just about forced to keep Anne Steele’s secret of her engagement to Edward because of societal standards, even though it ate at her for four entire months (Austen 151). Elinor only spills to Marianne because her sister is wailing about her own heartbreak, and it almost seems like she tells her for empathy’s sake (Austen 151). Austen created these instances because she saw just how complex women were in numerous ways. She observed social activities, both domestic and public, and because of her observations was one of the first to delve into the female psyche in her novels, as the feminine mind was not even breached in literature at the time (Honen 176). This gave her the opportunity to speak truth about women and how they really were, which opens a window into depicting the text as an outsider looking in. Jane Austen used society to create her own viewpoints on women and the concept of feminism. She also used her life, surroundings, and family to help her write Sense and Sensibility. Austen may not have written many books before her untimely death, but what she said in them was extremely impactful and still is today.

Absolute Beginner Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Your learners have now learned some basic vocabulary, simple positive and negative statements with to be, as well as questions. Now you can introduce the possessive adjectives my, your, his, and her. It is best to stay away from its at this point. You can work on getting students to know each other by using their names for this exercise, before going on to objects. Teacher: (Model a question to yourself changing places in the room, or changing your voice to indicate that you are modeling. ) Is your name Ken? Yes, my name is Ken. (stress your and my - repeat a few times) Teacher: Is your name Ken? (ask a student) Student(s): No, my name is Paolo. Continue this exercise around the room with each of the students. If a student makes a mistake, touch your ear to signal that the student should listen and then repeat his/her answer accenting what the student should have said. Part II: Expand to Include 'His' and 'Her' Teacher: (Model a question to yourself changing places in the room, or changing your voice to indicate that you are modeling. ) Is her name Jennifer? No, her name isnt Jennifer. Her name is Gertrude. Teacher: (Model a question to yourself changing places in the room, or changing your voice to indicate that you are modeling. ) Is his name John? No, his name isnt John. His name is Mark. (Make sure to accent the differences between her and his) Teacher: Is his name Gregory? (ask a student) Student(s): Yes, his name is Gregory. OR No, his name isnt Gregory. His name is Peter. Continue this exercise around the room with each of the students. If a student makes a mistake, touch your ear to signal that the student should listen and then repeat his/her answer accenting what the student should have said. Part III: Having Students Ask Questions Teacher: Is her name Maria? (ask a student) Teacher: Paolo, ask John a question. (Point from one student to the next indicating that he / she should ask a question thereby introducing the new teacher request ask a question, in the future you should then use this form instead of pointing to move away from the visual to the aural.) Student 1: Is his name Jack? Student 2: Yes, his name is Jack. OR No, his name isnt Jack. His name is Peter. Continue this exercise around the room with each of the students. Part IV: Possessive Pronouns Its a good idea to teach possessive pronouns together with possessive adjectives.   Teacher:  Is that book yours?  (ask yourself to model) Teacher: Yes, that book is mine. (Make sure to accent yours and mine) Alessandro ask Jennifer about her pencil.   Student 1:  Is that pencil yours? Student 2:  Yes, that pencil is mine.   Continue this exercise around the room with each of the students. Move on to his and hers in the same manner. Once completed, begin to mix the two forms together. First alternating between my and mine and then alternating between other forms. This exercise should be repeated a number of times.   Teacher: (holding up a book)  This is my book. The book is mine.   Write the two sentences on the board. Ask students to repeat the two sentences with various objects they have. Once finished with my and mine continue with your and yours, his and hers. Teacher:  That is your computer. The computer is yours. etc.

Aboriginal Australia as a Dream Culture - 738 Words

To better understand Aboriginals as a Dream Culture I want to give more insight into Aboriginal Australians general culture and their conceptions of â€Å"Dream Time.† In his discussion of religion, Mircea Eliade describes a concept of Cosmos vs Chaos (Eliade 1957). In this notion an unordered world is chaotic only until is it transposed during a sacred time: â€Å"By occupying it and, above all, by settling in it, man symbolically transforms it into a cosmos though a ritual repetition of the cosmogony† (Eliade 1957:31). In other words until a land is tamed or created it is considered unordered. This can be applied to Aboriginal’s understanding of the world prior to their current presence. Aboriginals believe that in a time before the Dreamings, the land and world was a featureless earth. It was not until the dreamtime, or time of creation: â€Å"where there is contact with appearances from both realms of inside the earth itself as from ill-defined upper regionà ¢â‚¬  that the earth began to have its composed landscapes (Cowan 1992:26). The Dream Time is not only a period but more of a dimension where ancestral beings moved across the earth and created not only land, but every aspect of the earth including animals, plants, and man. It is important to realize that the ancestors created the natural earth and that is why Aboriginals live a particular lifestyle. Most Aboriginals living in this cosmogony are hunter-gatherer tribes. This aspect of their life can be traced to stem from the idea ofShow MoreRelatedSamuel Wagan Watson Night Racing Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesWatson, a self-identified aboriginal man of German and Irish descent. 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Impact of Personality and Company Culture - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Personality and Company Culture. Answer: Introduction: A company employee can also be director or a shareholder of the company. He will have the right to be paid when the services will be carried out of the company. A company is therefore considered to be a separate legal entity with its independent existence from the members and shareholders. The property is owned by the company and has its own rights. The property of the company is not the property of the employees, shareholders or directors of the company as was observed in the case of Solomon v Solomon. Directors, members or shareholders can be negligent with their respective duties. The usual duties of directors and the executive directors will be bound by the terms of the employment contract. The company has innumerable legal duties. The duties are included under the Companies Act. However, the directors or the shareholders can be negligent while carrying out their duties. The concept of negligence is treated under the Law of Torts. A legal wrong that is usually suffered by someone due to the activities of another person is treated to be a tort of negligence. Torts is a civil wrong that can be caused by any individual. If a director or shareholder becomes negligent during his work either the company or they themselves will be liable for the acts. Directors, shareholders, officers and the company itself are subjected to a few specific liabilities. Liability is also limited to a certain level to make sure that there is a possibility of carrying on the business that had no constant legal suit. It was assumed previously that a corporation itself had a low set of liabilities. Those liabilities were only considered to be civil in nature. As per the Company Act, it can be stated that the directors, employees and officers have always held companies liable for the obligations and contracts that are entered into on their behalf (Brickey and Taub 2017). Netheremere Ltd v Taverna Gardiner held that outworkers could be considered to be employees if they are exercising the same work as the ones in the workplace. This is a concept of vicarious liability. When a contract is entered into prior to the actual moment of an incorporation of company, it will be the liability of the company (Lacoste 2016). These pre-incorporation of contracts when entered into by the promoters of the company, it becomes the companys obligation itself when they are either adopted by the corporation or if the company agrees with the merits of the contract. As far as torts is concerned, usually a company has a degree of liability for the torts that have been dedicated by the employees or the directors of the company during the course of the employment (Lacoste 2016). It also depends on the effect and nature of the tort. The basic and common rule of the liability of the company related to torts is that it ignores the liability for the intentional torts on the parts where the directors or the employees are involved. However, this may be held liable for unintentional torts that are committed by the employees (Sadgrove 2016). Therefore, if the tort that is intentional and the corporate directors anticipated and if the company accepts the merits of the commission then the company will held liable even if the tort was committed intentionally by an employee as observed in Greenfield v. Colonial Stores Inc. A company can be liable to its own directors or shareholders if the case is a matter of negligence. However, when a breach is caused, there are consequences faced by the shareholders and the c ompany. Remedies are available for the breach of the duties in the company (Sadgrove 2016). A breach also falls under the ground for termination of an executive directors service contract. When the shareholders have been negligent in their work, the corporation as well as the shareholders will be liable for the negligent activity (Harding and Kohl 2016). The liability to the shareholders is considered to be more limited compared to the officers and directors. The shareholders themselves elect their managers to act as their agents for protecting their investment. Fiduciary duty is not owed to the shareholders or the corporation. This is due to the scenario that shareholders have less influence in the decision making process of the corporation. Therefore, in this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that shareholders are completely immune from liability (Webb, Tarun and Molo 2016). Therefore, if a director or shareholder is negligent at work, they will be liable for their own acti vities. In certain cases, a company can be liable to its own shareholders or directors under the law of torts. The directors, officers and employees of a corporation can be held liable criminally if any kind of criminal acts are committed. If the acts are committed personally despite, whether they were acting in furtherance of the interests of the corporation, the officers and directors will be held liable (Bainbridge 2015). Corporations or companies are considered to be separate legal entities. They are not individuals but in the eye of law, corporations are treated as a person for a few specific purposes. For instance, if the agents of the company have committed a criminal act during their course of duty, they will held responsible and liable for each elements of the crime and it commits the crime to obtain profits of the company compared to the profits gained by the individuals (Brickey and Taub 2017). The corporation itself can be found guilty of the crime. The agents of the company have committed the essentials of crime that are associated with the corporation as the company will be char ged to be guilty of the crime. If the number of individuals involved is more than two then the prosecution should provide evidence that an agent of the company must have been guilty of the crime as it was committed knowingly. Small companies do not face such complicated situations (Pearce 2016). However, companies are known as legal persons who have the power of getting sued and suing are capable of committing crimes. According to the respondent superior, a corporation is generally held liable criminally for carrying out illegal activities of the directors, agents and employees. To hold a company for these actions, the government should be determining actions of the corporate agents. Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital discussed the elements of negligence appearing in companies. Either the employees or the directors are generally held liable for being negligent. It should be proved within the scope of the duties and for the benefit of the corporation (West and Gail 2015). If the owner of the corporation loots money from his or her own business then it will be beneficial from the crime but generally the company does not. The owner will be guilty of the crime and not the company (Wan, 2016). For instance, if the manager of that particular company has his or her employees hazardous waste dumped illegally then the company will be benefitted from the crime committed (Brickey and Taub 2017). As observed in the case of Limpus v London General Omnibus Co. when the employer but if has restricted the conduct of the employee the act itself is authorized then the employer will be held liable. The money can be saved by disposing and therefore the company will be guilty even if the owners or the shareholders were clueless about the manager committing the crime. If the agents of a company commit a crime on his behalf, the company can be held liable and guilty if it is proved that the owners were not associated with it. There are cases and situations in a company when an employees unauthorized criminal actions represent the potential of the companys criminal charges (Bussmann 2015). However, the company can protect itself from getting charged of actively cooperation with the government. If a manager of the company identifies a group of persons who has been engaged with the fraudulent orders and gets them fired then the company will be held guilty of fraud. For avoiding such a situation, it is the duty of the company to inform the enforcement of law related to the criminal acts of the salespeople (Bainbridge 2015). When a corporate plea agreement is positioned, it should include the specific provisions that can identify the nature of the crime and makes sure that the principles of punishment and rehabilitation that are met. As per law, when a corporation is held liable, the individuals engaged with the company will also be held liable. The officers and the board of directors will always be held liable criminally as well. A person is generally held liable criminally for the illegal act of another employee under the compliance liability theory. If a person encourages or instructs another employee to commit or associate in a criminal conduct, they will be held liable for the criminal act of the employees. Therefore, a company who is held liable criminally for the criminal conduct of its employees, shall suffer criminally and financially (Webb, Tarun and Molo 2016). The penalties imposed on the company including the directors and officers are civil penalties, loss of government contracts, shareholder suits and revocation of corporate charter by the authorities of the state. These are the factors that the court will take into account as to whether the company or the individuals associated with the company will be guilty. References: Bainbridge, S.M., 2015. 11. Preserving director primacy by managing shareholder interventions.Research Handbook on Shareholder Power, p.231. Brickey, K.F. and Taub, J., 2017.Corporate and white collar crime: cases and materials. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Bussmann, K.D., 2015. The impact of personality and company culture on company anti-corruption programmes.The Routledge handbook of white-collar and corporate crime in Europe, pp.435-452. Harding, C. and Kohl, U., 2016.Human rights in the market place: the exploitation of rights protection by economic actors. Routledge. Hillary, R. ed., 2017.Small and medium-sized enterprises and the environment: business imperatives. Routledge. Lacoste, S., 2016. Sustainable value co-creation in business networks.Industrial Marketing Management,52, pp.151-162. Pearce, R., 2016. Business management, environmental health and the EHP/business interface.Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, p.252. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Wan, W.Y., 2016. The illegality defence in corporate law claims against directors and officers.Hong Kong Law Journal,46(1), p.225. Webb, D.K., Tarun, R.W. and Molo, S.F., 2016.Corporate Internal Investigations. Law Journal Press. West, G.D. and Gail, D.B., 2015. Tort Law's Continued Intrusion Into the MA AgreementWhat to Do About It, If Anything. Yeager, P., 2017.Corporate Crime. Routledge.